anti-doping is one of those subjects where the details matter more than the headlines. This page pulls together the background, the mechanisms, and the practical points readers ask about most.
Last reviewed on 2025-09-17. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
PPARδ is a nuclear receptor that regulates gene expression related to fatty acid oxidation, glucose homeostasis, and mitochondrial function. GW501516 binds to this receptor with high affinity and activates downstream signaling in skeletal muscle and other tissues. Animal studies reported increased endurance and altered fuel preference, but human data remain limited and inconsistent. The precise relationship between receptor activation and observed physiological changes is still an area of active investigation. Researchers have also examined whether the compound affects inflammation or cell proliferation. No approved therapeutic indication exists for cardarine.
In laboratory settings, cardarine is studied as a tool compound for probing PPARδ biology. Published experiments often use cell cultures, rodent models, or isolated tissues. Some investigations focus on metabolic effects, while others assess potential risks such as carcinogenicity observed in long-term animal studies. Because human trials are sparse, most knowledge comes from preclinical work and adverse event reports. Scientific literature frequently notes the gap between animal findings and human outcomes. The compound is not a dietary supplement and is not intended for human consumption.
Cardarine is a synthetic compound also known as GW501516, GW-501516, and sometimes endurobol. It was developed as a selective agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta, a nuclear receptor involved in fatty acid oxidation and energy metabolism. The compound was studied in preclinical models for metabolic and cardiovascular conditions, but it did not become a marketed human medicine. In regulatory and anti-doping contexts, it is treated as a prohibited substance rather than a licensed medicine.
The pharmacological interest in cardarine centers on PPARδ activation and its downstream effects on lipid handling and mitochondrial function. In animal studies, PPARδ agonists have been associated with changes in exercise endurance and fatty acid utilization, though results vary by model and protocol. Human data remain sparse, and the absence of large controlled trials limits conclusions about efficacy. Researchers often describe the compound as a tool for probing PPARδ biology rather than a proven therapeutic agent.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| CAS Registry Number | 317318-70-0 | Unique identifier for the compound. |
| Chemical class | PPARδ agonist | Synthetic ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta. |
| Appearance | White to off-white solid | Typical form of research-grade material. |
| Solubility | Soluble in DMSO and ethanol | Poorly soluble in water. |
| Typical storage | -20°C | Recommended for long-term storage of stock solutions. |
GW501516 acts as a ligand for PPAR delta, a nuclear receptor that regulates transcription of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and energy use. Activation of this receptor in skeletal muscle shifts metabolism toward fat burning in animal models. The compound does not burn fat directly; it changes gene expression over hours to days. Researchers study it to understand metabolic flexibility and exercise adaptation. Effects observed in rodents are not automatically expected in humans.
Preclinical research reported that GW501516 increased running endurance in mice and improved lipid profiles in some animal species. Early human trials explored effects on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose handling, but the program was discontinued. Published human data are sparse and do not establish efficacy for any condition. Studies also examined PPAR delta in cancer biology, with conflicting findings across models. The relationship between receptor activation, tissue context, and disease risk remains an active area of investigation.
Anti-doping laboratories identify GW501516 and its metabolites using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Urine is the usual matrix, and detection can occur after the parent compound has cleared from blood. The exact detection window depends on dose, formulation, individual metabolism, and assay sensitivity. Because the compound is prohibited at all times, athletes are subject to testing in and out of competition. Analytical methods continue to improve as new metabolites and designer analogs are characterized.
Cardarine has no approved therapeutic indication and is not marketed as a medicine. The World Anti-Doping Agency lists GW501516 as a prohibited substance at all times, covering both in-competition and out-of-competition periods. National laws vary: some countries treat it as an unapproved drug subject to import controls, while others have specific restrictions on sale for human consumption. It is often sold as a research chemical, a label that does not imply safety or legality. Enforcement actions have targeted online vendors and shipments.
Anti-doping laboratories identify GW501516 and related metabolites using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Urine is the most common matrix, though blood and dried blood spots may also be analyzed. The method targets the parent compound and phase I and phase II metabolites, which extend the detection window. Because the substance is prohibited at all times, athletes can be tested outside competition. Detection limits and windows depend on the assay, sample type, and individual metabolism.
Cardarine is a common name for GW501516, a synthetic compound first described in the 1990s as a selective agonist of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta. It was studied in preclinical models for metabolic and cardiovascular conditions, but it has not been approved as a medicine in the United States, Europe, or other major jurisdictions. Retail products labeled as cardarine are generally research chemicals or supplements, not pharmaceutical formulations. Because human safety and efficacy data remain limited, regulatory agencies treat it as an unapproved substance rather than a therapeutic product.
Sporting authorities added GW501516 to prohibited lists after it appeared in athlete samples and online markets. The World Anti-Doping Agency classifies it as a hormone and metabolic modulator, and its use can lead to an anti-doping rule violation. Some early laboratory work suggested effects on fatty acid oxidation and endurance-related metabolism in animals, but those findings do not establish safe or effective use in people. Reports of adverse events in humans are scarce and often anecdotal, which complicates risk assessment.
== Plot == The future United States is a dystopic irradiated wasteland known as the Cursed Earth. On the east coast lies Mega-City One, a violent metropolis with 800 million residents and 17,000 serious crimes reported daily. The only force for order are the Judges, who act as judge, jury, and executioner. The Chief Judge tasks veteran officer Judge Dredd with assessing potential recruit Cassandra Anderson, who marginally failed the aptitude tests to become a Judge, believing her powerful psychic abilities can help in the Judges' failing war against crime. Dredd warns Anderson that disobedience, incorrect sentencing, or being disarmed will result in an automatic fail. In a 200-storey slum tower block called Peach Trees, drug lord Madeline "Ma-Ma" Madrigal has three rogue drug dealers skinned and infused with Slo-Mo—an addictive new drug that reduces the user's perception of time to 1% of normal—before throwing them down the atrium from the top floor. Dredd and Anderson arrive to investigate the deaths and learn of the existence of Ma-Ma's drug den. Deciding to raid the den, they arrest Ma-Ma's henchman Kay, who Anderson psychically detects was involved in the executions, and Dredd decides to take him in for questioning. In response, Ma-Ma's forces seize the tower's security control room and seal the building using its nuclear blast shields to prevent the Judges from leaving or summoning help. Ma-Ma instructs the residents to kill the Judges or hide, forcing Dredd and Anderson to confront dozens of armed thugs.
Direct Access Testing (DAT) states: Currently, 37 states and the District of Columbia permit consumers to order some or all of their laboratory tests directly, without the involvement of a physician. Restrictive states: States including New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and certain aspects of New York law maintain more restrictive policies. Limited access states: Some states like Maine and Massachusetts allow direct reporting to consumers only for a limited menu of tests.
=== Pharmacodynamics === Unlike benzodiazepines, etifoxine may produce its anxiolytic effects through a dual mechanism, by directly binding to GABAA receptors and (purportedly, exact binding site undetermined) to the mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO). This results in stimulation of the biosynthesis of endogenous neurosteroids, for instance allopregnanolone, a highly potent GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator. At GABAA receptors etifoxine binds at the α+β− interface and preferentially potentiates α2β3γ2 and α3β3γ2 receptor types. This direct allosteric potentiation can only be observed at relatively high concentrations (starting at >1 mM) and is perhaps not physiologically relevant at normal human doses. This is different from benzodiazepines and etifoxine can be used alongside benzodiazepines to potentiate their effects without competing for binding sites; however, it also means that the direct effects of etifoxine are not reversed by the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Informants and holdouts === Also targeted were civilians suspected of being informants of the apartheid police. Alongside petrol bombs, necklacing became a favoured method of executing such suspects. In one early example known nationwide, a young woman in Duduza, Maki Skosana, was necklaced on 20 July 1985 at a funeral for a local activist; a television crew filmed a crowd of young men kicking and beating her, tearing her clothes off, dousing her in petrol, and then setting her alight while one man rammed a glass bottle into her vagina. Skosana was rumoured to be the girlfriend and co-conspirator of Joe Mamasela, a notorious askari who had killed several Duduza youths by hand grenade in an entrapment operation in June. In addition, though mass action had broad support during this period, there were frequently complaints that the reluctant were compelled to participate in stay-aways or boycotts by force or intimidation. Groups of COSAS supports were accused of "erecting barricades to prevent residents from going to work; attacking those who tried to do so; moving from school to school ordering students out of class; hurling stones and petrol bombs at policemen; attacking buses and taxis; digging trenches in the streets; destroying buildings; and assaulting members of rival organisations". There was also evidence that vigilante attacks were sometimes perpetrated on the basis of mere political or personal "grudges".
macrophage Any of a class of relatively long-lived phagocytic cells of the mammalian immune system which are activated in response to the presence of foreign materials in certain tissues and subsequently play important roles in antigen presentation, stimulating other types of immune cells, and killing or engulfing parasitic microorganisms, diseased cells, or tumor cells.
== Pharmacology == Hydroxyurea is a monohydroxyl-substituted urea (hydroxycarbamate) antimetabolite. Similar to other antimetabolite anti-cancer drugs, it acts by disrupting the DNA replication process of dividing cancer cells in the body. Hydroxyurea selectively inhibits ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase, an enzyme required to convert ribonucleoside diphosphates into deoxyribonucleoside diphosphates, thereby preventing cells from leaving the G1/S phase of the cell cycle. This agent also exhibits radiosensitizing activity by maintaining cells in the radiation-sensitive G1 phase and interfering with DNA repair. Biochemical research has explored its role as a DNA replication inhibitor which causes deoxyribonucleotide depletion and results in DNA double strand breaks near replication forks (see DNA repair). Repair of DNA damaged by chemicals or irradiation is also inhibited by hydroxyurea, offering potential synergy between hydroxyurea and radiation or alkylating agents. Hydroxyurea has many pharmacological applications under the Medical Subject Headings classification system:
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Manufacture == Almost all products rich in protein are suitable for the production of HVP. Today, it is made mainly from protein resources of vegetable origin, such as defatted oil seeds (soybean meal, grapeseed meal) and protein from maize (Corn gluten meal), wheat (gluten), pea, and rice. The process and the feedstock determines the organoleptic properties of the end product. Proteins consist of chains of amino acids joined through amide bonds. When subjected to hydrolysis (hydrolyzed), the protein is broken down into its component amino acids. In aHVP, hydrochloric acid is used for hydrolysis. The remaining acid is then neutralized by mixing with an alkali such as sodium hydroxide, which leaves behind table salt, which comprises up to 20% of the final product (acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein, aHVP). In enzymatic HVP (eHVP), proteases are used to break down the proteins under a more neutral pH and lower temperatures. The amount of salt is greatly reduced. Because of the different processing conditions, the two types of HVP have different sensory profiles. aHVP is usually dark-brown in color and has a strong savory flavor, whereas eHVP usually is lighter in color and has a mild savory flavor.
The results are supported by the simulations which show that at approximately 12 mol% of ethanol the membrane was no longer able to tolerate and adapt to the presence of the ethanol resulting in non-lamellar phases. The formations of the non-lamellar phases are described as being irreversible inverted-micelles. This irreversibility of the inverted-micelles are supported by mass density profiles which display an overlapping of leaflets from opposite membranes that interact forming a strong interlocking between the acyl chains or hydrophobic region with and without the presence of ethanol. Snapshots of the simulations are produced at 100 ns which compared the phospholipid membrane system in the presence of ethanol and in the absence of ethanol which continues to support ethanol's preference to bind near the hydrophilic region of the phospholipid. The researchers also added monovalent ions as salt ions (NaCl) to the phospholipid membrane system which formed non-lamellar phases (micelles) as well. This phenomenon is important because they predict that in the presence of ethanol the micelles can serve as transporters for hydrophilic structures across the membrane. Overall, in this study it shows that ethanol is able to penetrate throughout the membrane. I very important point that was revealed in this study is the fact that ethanol can destroy epithelial tissues (lips, throat, stomach, mouth) in humans. Therefore, one must consider some of the damaging effects of some alcoholic beverages that can contain up to 40% of ethanol (v/v).
=== 1988 === 11 February Running to Time, about the new InterCity 225; the National Express Coaches Rapide service; the project team of the Intercity 225, with project director Mike Rollin, and Mike Newman of GEC; the 225 train had to be delivered on 14 February 1988, with an operational life of thirty years; the InterCity 125 was not intended to have been primarily developed - in a board meeting, the commercial directors were not technologically knowledgeable of trains, and asked about alternatives, to be told by an engineering director that a 125 mph diesel train could be developed in two years, so the HST began at that meeting; the British Rail APT-E prototype, powered by the Leyland 2S/350 gas turbine; in 1974 BR commissioned the APT-P, which had ten years of development, due to the active tilting suspension; the 225 train was possibly to enter service on the UK's only large electrified line, the West Coast Main Line, but the much-straighter and faster East Coast Main Line was being electrified, so BR decided to implement the 225 train on the ECML instead; Crewe railway station, which opened in 1837, and where trains were first built nearby in 1843; Steve Corfield, of Crewe Works; the unsprung mass of a train, and Cardan shafts; Roger Ford of Modern Railways; John Prideaux, director of InterCity; David Carter of DCA in Warwick, who designed the livery; the Modernisation Plan was published in December 1954, which had advocated the electrification of the ECML, and the phasing-out of steam travel; the late-1980s ECML electrification had cost BR £350m - it was not government-funded, with 2,800 miles of copper wire, and 33,000 support masts, overseen by Don Heath; all of the improvements in the UK were on old lines of track, but France and Germany had built entire new electrified lines - the TGV was planned from the mid-1960s; G. Freeman Allen of Jane's World Railways; the 225 train underframe being built at Crewe Works; GEC Traction at Preston, Lancashire, Al Reed, the separately excited (Armature Controlled DC Motor) brushed DC electric motor, and Gerald West; the right-angle gearboxes were built by David Brown Ltd and Voith of Heidenheim an der Brenz in southern Germany; Eric Black of Metro-Cammell in Washwood Heath; the ST41 bogies were made by SIG Combibloc Group of Neuhausen am Rheinfall in Switzerland. Narrated by Robin Ellis, produced by Patrick Uden, directed by Paul Fabricius, made by Uden Associates. 12 February Playing with Fire 17 July The Air Fix!, about aviation safety; a television adaptation of a black comedy theatre production by 35-year-old James Castle, dressed as an airline pilot, largely featuring Turkish Airlines Flight 981, the Ermenonville air disaster, in France on 3 March 1974, to this day the worst airliner crash, without any survivors, with 177 British people killed, when a cargo door ruptured, and the subsequent enquiry led to a cover up by the airline and aviation authority; the DC10 had known design failings in its fuselage, and its cargo door design was known to be faulty by the aircraft manufacturer; the American Airlines Flight 96 crash had happened on 12 June 1972, involving a design failure of the cargo door, but the FAA nonetheless gave the DC-10 a certificate of airworthiness; the DC10 had been rushed into service; James Castle accused the aircraft industry of callous negligence; James Castle had been a British Airways aircraft maintenance technician from 1969 to 1977 at Heathrow Airport; he listed the numbers of children that lost one or both parents in the crash, and the numbers of women who were widowed; the theatre production had been going since December 1986, directed by Caroline Noh Narrated by James Castle, produced by Ben Gooder, made by Uden Associates 24 July Nic's Boat, about Nic Bailey, a 37-year-old architect with Foster and Partners; he designed a 40-ft trimaran, called MTC, for the Carlsberg Single-Handed Trans-Atlantic Race on 5 June 1988; he had helped to design the 1978 Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts in Norwich and the Renault Centre in Swindon; boat builder Spud Rowsell in Exmouth, with Phil Morrison; the hull cost £46,000, and the rigging cost £46,000; the mast and rigging were fitted at Topsham, Devon; Robin Knox-Johnston; French yacht designer Bruno Fehrenbach; he sailed the Atlantic between the Rhumb Line Route and the Great Circle Route; some yachts made the journey to Newport, Rhode Island in ten days; the yacht mast was constructed by Proctor South West. Produced by Michael Wills, directed by Bob Bee, made by Juniper Productions 31 July The Living Dead 7 August Zen and the Art of TV Manufacture, a Panasonic TV factory in South Wales; in 1933 the company founder Kōnosuke Matsushita established seven guiding commercial principles; the Fidelity TV factory in west London was given one year - 1988 - to turn its fortunes around or be closed; the factory's closure was announced to the workforce on 25 January 1988, with the site closing at the end of July 1988; Amstrad bought the Fidelity name in May 1988. Narrated by Alan Howard, directed by Patrick Uden, produced by Michael Proudfoot, made by Uden Associates 14 August How Good Is Soviet Science?, about the political inhibition of Soviet technology in the 1980s; in many ways the Soviet Union in 1987 was a backward and underdeveloped nation, with food queues; the Soviet system didn't respond to changes in demand - everything was planned years in advance; physicist Alexander Prokhorov, who won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1964; Russians were proud of mathematicians Pafnuty Chebyshev and Nikolai Lobachevsky; large government centrally planned projects were compatible with the communist system, notably its space programme; by the 1970s, the Russians realised that they were some distance behind other countries, such as in disciplines of computing and genetics; science teaching was emphasised at Soviet schools, and English was well taught as well; after secondary schools, half went into science; theoretical science was where Soviet teaching excelled, such as at the Steklov Institute of Mathematics; Yuri Ovchinnikov wanted to improve Soviet science; in the early 1950s, the Soviet Union tried to ignore the findings of genetics, through the work of Trofim Lysenko, who claimed that genetics was anti-communist, known as Lysenkoism leading to many scientists being imprisoned and executed; in the 1960s, a set of large biological research centres were built at Pushchino; one of the most well-built research institutes was the Shemyakin Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, for biotechnology; Stalin did not like computer science, and it was largely banned until 1958; the Soviets were always years behind in computer science; the first recognisable transistor Soviet computer was the BESM-6 in the 1960s; later computers were the ES EVM series, copied from the IBM System/360; the Akademgorodok (Academic City) in Novosibirsk; the Institute of Automation and Electrometry researched optical memory on holographic slides to and much work on lasers; collaboration between Soviet research and Soviet industry was long-winded, maybe almost impossible - the centrally planned Soviet industry could not sufficiently adapt for short-term changes, as it had to be monotonously planned years in advance, for mass production; Soviet government research was perhaps excellent nonetheless; not many Soviet scientists could travel to international conferences; dissemination of current worldwide science was limited throughout the Soviet Union, due to widespread government restrictions; Suite No. 2 in B minor, BWV 1067. Narrated by US technology historian Loren Graham, produced by Chris Durlacher, directed by Martin Smith, made by Uden Associates, NDR and WGBH. Shown on Nova on 17 November 1987 and 22 March 1988 21 August Toys for the Boys, about the Williams racing team; Graham Hill and Jim Clark in 1967; Tomorrow's World in 1967, narrated by Derek Cooper; journalist Peter Windsor of Williams; aerodynamicist Frank Dernie, head of research at Williams; Keith Botsford, motor racing editor of the Sunday Times; the German racing manager Alfred Neubauer, in the late 1930s; there were 18 F1 teams, with 7 being British; Mobil Oil paid Williams £2.5m for advertising on the cars of Nigel Mansell and Riccardo Patrese; the Williams FW11; racing driver Howden Ganley; part of a BBC Horizon documentary broadcast on 9 March 1981, featuring the Williams FW07, and likewise narrated by Martin Jarvis and produced by Patrick Uden; engineering director Sir Patrick Head; Bach Mass in B minor; Mike Hawthorn, was killed on a public road, the A3 Guildford bypass, in his Jaguar Mark 1 on 22 January 1959; Canadian Gilles Villeneuve was thrown from his Ferrari, when qualifying for the 1982 Belgian Grand Prix; Swedish Ronnie Peterson, died after an accident on the start line at the 1978 Italian Grand Prix; Italian Elio de Angelis was killed in May 1986 at the Circuit Paul Ricard in south-east France; British Piers Courage burned to death at the 1970 Dutch Grand Prix; Jim Clark hit a tree on 7 April 1968 at the 1968 Deutschland Trophäe in the north-west of Baden-Württemberg; German Jochen Rindt was killed at the 1970 Italian Grand Prix after winning the championship in the same year, which was awarded posthumously; Bach Mass in B minor; Frank Williams had a crash on 8 March 1986 in the south of France, with Peter Windsor, in a Ford Sierra, making him quadraplegic; the Williams wind tunnel; Alan Jones waving the British flag at the 1980 Grand Prix; the 1988 season Williams car had a Judd V8 engine; the closing fanfare of Les préludes by Liszt; the documentary ends with German military march Prussia's Glory. Narrated by Martin Jarvis, produced by Patrick Uden, made by Uden Associates 28 August Cold Spring, Morning Sun, about atomic physicist Joan Hinton and her husband Erwin Engst. Joan's mother was teacher Carmelita Hinton. Joan worked on the top secret Manhattan Project at Los Alamos in 1944 which produced the atomic bombs that were dropped on Hiroshima and Hagasaki in the summer of 1945. After the war, Joan, her brother Bill, and her husband Erwin (Sid) Engst travelled to China to join Mao Ze Dong and the cultural revolution. Over the next five decades, Joan and Sid became pioneers in Chinese agricultural science and technology. Narrated by Liza Goddard, written, produced and directed by Chris Haws, Made by InCA. 18 September Taking the Tunnel, who would be travelling through the Channel Tunnel; the tunnel would open in May 1993; Colin Kirkland, technical director of Eurotunnel; Roger Vickerman of the University of Kent; historian Corelli Barnett, and how France and Germany spent money after the war improving rail infrastructure; journalist Kathy Watson; a working model was built of the two Channel rail terminals; 90% of the tunnel went through chalk; the French end was built much more water-tight than the English end, due to the worse geology; the tunnel was around one mile long at the English end, to meet the French side in 1990; the Single Market would stop duty free sales on the Channel ferries; the former Night Ferry across the Channel, which operated until 30 October 1980; TGV Est would connect Bordeaux, and TGV Nord would connect to Germany, the Netherlands, with a spur to the new tunnel; Richard D. North; tolls on the autoroutes discouraged local traffic, which slowed down British motorways; Daniel Ghouzi of Transmanche; Martin Simmons of Kent County Council; A292 junction of M20; Corelli Barnett believed that the British civil service was best at fudging, whereas the French civil service had been trained differently at the French grandes ecoles; a VTG ship from Dover to Dieppe carried trains; freight journeys over 250 miles were most cost effective by rail, but did lack logistical flexibility at either end; Michael Barclay of Tiphook Rail; a distribution centre in Paddock Wood in Kent, built by the Spanish Transfesa; UIC gauge was the main European gauge for freight; Artura Boix of Transfesa; Richard Hope of Railway Gazette; British trains had a 25 tonne axle weight, more than the European 22 tonnes; early plans for the new Eurostar trains, which would be dual voltage for travelling in England and France; rail writer Geoffrey Freeman Allen; the French trains would leave from the Gard du Nord; customs checks would be at the British end in London, but not in France; British Rail planned a high speed line across Kent to open in 1998 from King's Cross, but it would not open until September 2003, and to London in November 2007; Roger Ford of Modern Railways. Narrated by Geoffrey Palmer, produced by Patrick Uden, directed by Paul Fabricius, made by Uden Associates 25 September Road Test about road transport in the UK; there were two million vehicles in the UK in 1930; a test drive would be conducted from The Point, Milton Keynes at 8.30am to Maidstone, by different routes - Mike McDonald of the University of Southampton and Margaret Bell of the University of Nottingham in a Volvo 850 would go across London, and Peter Bonsall and Howard Kirby of the University of Leeds in a Volkswagen Passat B3, would follow the M25 to the north of London, George Hazel of Napier College and John Wootten in a Ford Granada would follow the M25 south of London, and Martin J. H. Mogridge would take the train on the new Thameslink from Bedford railway station via Blackfriars Railway Bridge; the test would be directed from the Road Traffic Research Centre at Middlesex Polytechnic, with Chris Wright, Peter Hills from Newcastle University, and psychologist Ivan Brown from the Applied Psychology Unit (MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit) in Cambridge; variable-message signs (VMS) on the M6; before joining the M25, the vehicles had an average speed of 50 mph; the early plans in the 1940s for the M25, which the M25 to the south and west of London, now largely follows; when the M25 needed to be built, in the 1960s, many environmental objections had arisen for it to be built; Russ Kane in Capital Radio's Flying Eye; David Marsh at the AA Roadwatch studio in north London; the ramp meter, installed on the M6 by John Wootten; all of London's traffic lights were controlled from a computer centre in Westminster, with software (Split Cycle Offset Optimisation Technique) developed by Dennis Robertson; the Volvo 850 enters London along the Edgware Road and Park Lane to Hyde Park Corner; the prototype Autoguide system invented by Ian Catling; automatic vehicle identification (AVI) and piezoelectric strips developed at the University of Nottingham Department of Civil Engineering, and tested by Peter Davies on the Nottingham ring road, next to the QMC; the Volkswagen Passat arrives first at the Great Danes Hotel, making the 107 miles in two hours seventeen minutes, an average speed of 47 mph; the route south of London - 119 miles, also has a 47 mph average speed; the 96-mile rail journey had an average speed of 35 mph; the programme content would be copied by Top Gear fifteen years later. Narrated by Martin Jarvis, produced by David Sharp, directed by Mike Tomlinson, made by Orlando Productions 9 October Look, No Hands! about technology outpacing human knowledge; Hubert Dreyfus of University of California, Berkeley; Martin Corbett, industrial psychologist at the University of Warwick; work by Mike Cooley, and systems design; mechanical engineer Frederick Winslow Taylor and his meticulous improvements to industrial methods, in his book The Principles of Scientific Management; John Harris, manager of the Rolls-Royce helicopter engine plant at Leavesden, Hertfordshire; perhaps automation in engineering manufacturing processes could perhaps add or enhance, rather than totally replace, which required and produced less directly competent workers. Produced by Debra Hauer, directed by Christopher Rawlence, made by Hauer Rawlence Productions 16 October Spytech, John Pike of the Federation of American Scientists and how the Space Shuttle was built mostly for low Earth orbit reconnaissance satellites; but the Titan 34D was also available for many spy satellite launches; Christopher Andrew of the University of Cambridge; Harry Rositzke of the CIA, and the disastrous Operation Red Sox, from 1949 to 1953; William Colby, Director from 1973 to 1976 of the CIA, and how spying methods that worked in Germany during World War II were simply hopeless in a possibly more bizarre culture of communist eastern Europe in the early 1950s, so Ferret missions by B-29 aircraft over the border were attempted instead, but many were shot down; the Americans decided to go for high-altitude reconnaissance; on 1 May 1960, an aircraft photographing a missile construction factory, pilot was sentenced to 10 years, but released after two years in exchange for Rudolf Abel; H. Keith Melton and notorious improvised technology of the KGB; the Russian defector Stanislav Levchenko; the burst transmission method; camera lenses for spy satellites made by Itek; the Space Shuttle was built to maintain and repair the Key Hole set of spy satellites, such as KH-11 KENNEN, launched by the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) in 1976, and introduced digital photography, and EOSAT and its Landsat program; Jeffrey T. Richelson, a writer on national security; Major-General George Keegan of the Twenty-Fifth Air Force described how the Soviet Union got to know when spy satellites would be overhead, and would hide anything sensitive; listening satellites sent their data to the NSA at Fort Meade in Maryland, such as data from Magnum, launched by the secret STS-51-C mission in January 1985; Paul Bracken and all-source intelligence fusion; Soviet intelligence in the US was quite widespread, with up to 800 spies operating out of Soviet trade missions, and operated much more widespread than the US had attempted; the new KH-12 satellite, that launched in November 1992, could see through clouds. Narrated by Mike Short, produced by Claudia Milne, made by Twenty Twenty 23 October Bamboo, the importance of bamboo to the Chinese economy; Prof Hsiung Wenyue of the Bamboo Research Centre of Nanjing Forestry University; bamboo structures do not collapse in high winds; over a thousand species of bamboo; bamboo dies out for ten years, then grows again; only 15% of China can be cultivated; bamboo can grow four feet in 24 hours, it is the fastest growing plant; bamboo has a tensile strength twice as much as timber; hospitals in China worked with herbal remedies; bamboo traders had quotas set by the Chinese government; bamboo shoots were mostly exported to Japan; growing bamboo helped soil structure; the Chinese government encouraged the growing of bamboo, as an alternative to timber. Narrated by Jenny Agutter, produced by Michael Blakstad, directed by Patrick Fleming, made by Workhouse Productions, made in cooperation with China Central Television 30 October Heavy Metal, chemist Neil Ward of the University of Surrey, who found abnormal pregnancies; medical doctor Robin Russell-Jones of the Campaign for Lead Free Air; environmental chemist Brian Davies of the University of Bradford; footage from the 1971 BBC A Public Poison, with chemist Derek Bryce-Smith, and Patrick Lawther of St Bartholomew's Hospital; Gloria all'Egitto from Aida by Giuseppe Verdi, with the assembly line of the Rover 800; Robin Brundle; Eric Fountain of Vauxhall Motors; Ojos Criollos by Louis Moreau Gottschalk. Narrated by Catherine Robins, produced by Michael Blakstad, made by Workhouse Productions 13 November Free Flight, about gliding, with Derek Piggott in a Rolladen-Schneider LS4 at Booker Gliding Centre in Buckinghamshire; in the UK there were about 350,000 flights and 2 deaths each year; a Schleicher ASW 24 in a wind tunnel with Loek Boermans at TU Delft Faculty of Aerospace Engineering in the Netherlands; the Schleicher ASH 25 with glider pilot John Jeffries at London Gliding Club west of Dunstable; at Wasserkuppe, a 3,000 ft mountain in the east of Hesse in the centre of Germany is where gliding mostly developed in the 1920s by the Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Segelflug, due to German powered-aircraft manufacturing being legally restricted; nearby at Poppenhausen, Hesse is Alexander Schleicher GmbH & Co, with designer Gerhard Waibel, where gliders had wings made from carbon fibre, and covered in kevlar for torsional stiffness; the first glider of a contemporary design was the Akaflieg Stuttgart fs24 in 1951. Narrated by Robert Gary 20 November Chaos, Tim Palmer of the ECMWF; mathematician Robert L. Devaney; German mathematician Heinz-Otto Peitgen and fractal geometry; strange attractors in dynamical systems, such as weather systems; David Rand of the University of Warwick, and period-doubling bifurcation, discovered in 1975 by mathematician Mitchell Feigenbaum discovered; fractal landscapes; British mathematician Michael Barnsley, and affine transformations, which are applied to digital image processing; the chaos game; Soviet physicist Lev Landau; physicist Harry Swinney of the University of Texas; economist James B. Ramsey; Ian Stewart of the University of Warwick, and the unpredictable rotation of Hyperion. Written, produced and directed by Chris Haws, the programme was made by Independent Communications Associates (InCA). In 1989, it won the SciTech Award for best scientific documentary. 27 November The Art of Deception, about camouflage, deception, decoys and stealth. The Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit was first displayed on Tuesday 22 November 1988, just five days before the programme was aired. Featured interviewees include: Richard P. Hallion of Wright-Patterson Air Force Base; Peter Varnish of the Admiralty Research Establishment at Funtington in West Sussex; defence writer Antony Preston; Roy Behrens of the Art Academy of Cincinnati; Lt Col Chris Nash of Surveillance, Target Acquisition, Night Observation and Counter-surveillance (STANOC); Major William Marshak of the AAMRL - now the 711th Human Performance Wing; Captain Brian Perowne, commanding officer of HMS Brazen (F91); aviation writer Bill Sweetman, and Commander Patrick Walker, commanding officer of HMS Trafalgar (S107) a Royal Navy hunter-killer submarine; John Hall of the Admiralty Research Establishment (former Admiralty Experiment Works) at Haslar. Narrated by Nick Chilvers, Written, produced and directed by Chris Haws, made by InCA and WGBH Boston
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Cardarine is a common name for GW501516, a synthetic PPARδ agonist developed for research. It has not been approved as a medication in any country. It is classified as an unapproved drug and a prohibited substance in sport.
No. Cardarine is not an anabolic steroid; it belongs to a different chemical class that targets PPARδ. Steroids act primarily through androgen receptors, while cardarine acts through a nuclear receptor involved in metabolism.
Some rodent studies reported increased endurance and changes in fat metabolism after cardarine exposure. Long-term studies in animals also raised concerns about cancer in certain tissues. Human trial data are limited, so these findings cannot be directly translated to people.
Cardarine is an investigational synthetic compound that acts as a PPARδ agonist. It is also known as GW501516 and has been studied mainly in preclinical research. It is not an approved medicine.