This is a working overview of PPARδ agonist, written for readers who want more than a one-paragraph summary but less than a textbook.
This page was last updated on 2025-12-06 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
Safety discussions about cardarine frequently cite rodent carcinogenicity findings reported in the 2000s. In those studies, treated animals developed tumors at multiple sites, leading sponsors to discontinue clinical development. The relevance of these findings to humans has not been resolved, but they are a major reason the compound is not approved. Current literature emphasizes uncertainty about long-term effects and the risks of unregulated use. Regulators and health agencies have not established a safe human exposure level.
Cardarine is a synthetic compound also known as GW501516, GW-501516, and sometimes endurobol. It was developed as a selective agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta, a nuclear receptor involved in fatty acid oxidation and energy metabolism. The compound was studied in preclinical models for metabolic and cardiovascular conditions, but it did not become a marketed human medicine. In regulatory and anti-doping contexts, it is treated as a prohibited substance rather than a licensed medicine.
Regulatory treatment of cardarine differs by context and jurisdiction. In competitive sport, the World Anti-Doping Agency lists PPARδ agonists, including GW501516, as prohibited at all times. Outside sport, it lacks approval as a prescription medicine in major drug markets, and products sold for human consumption may be treated as unapproved drugs. Some countries also restrict importation or sale through general consumer protection and medicines laws. These classifications affect availability, testing, and legal risk without establishing therapeutic value.
Because cardarine is not an approved medicine, no pharmacopeial monograph defines its identity, purity, or storage requirements. Laboratories typically rely on in-house methods and reference standards when testing materials labeled as GW501516. Certificates of analysis may report purity and identity for a specific batch, but their scope varies and they do not guarantee safety or legal status. Independent verification can include high-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, and elemental analysis. The distinction between research chemical labeling and human use is significant because quality standards and oversight differ.
Cardarine can be detected in biological samples and product materials using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The method separates compounds by chromatography and identifies them by mass-to-charge transitions, allowing low-level detection in urine or blood. Sample preparation often involves enzymatic hydrolysis, solid-phase extraction, or protein precipitation. Certified reference materials and isotope-labeled internal standards improve quantification. Detection windows depend on metabolism, matrix, and assay sensitivity, so no single universal window applies.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Common synonyms | GW501516, GW-501516, GW 501516, endurobol | Names vary in research and anti-doping documents. |
| Chemical class | Synthetic PPARδ agonist | Small-molecule nuclear receptor ligand. |
| CAS Registry Number | 317318-70-0 | Identifier commonly associated with GW501516. |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Typical for purified research material. |
| Solubility | Low in water; soluble in DMSO and ethanol | Organic solvents are common for laboratory stock solutions. |
In laboratory settings, cardarine is studied as a tool compound for probing PPARδ biology. Published experiments often use cell cultures, rodent models, or isolated tissues. Some investigations focus on metabolic effects, while others assess potential risks such as carcinogenicity observed in long-term animal studies. Because human trials are sparse, most knowledge comes from preclinical work and adverse event reports. Scientific literature frequently notes the gap between animal findings and human outcomes. The compound is not a dietary supplement and is not intended for human consumption.
Cardarine is a common name for GW501516, a synthetic compound developed in the 1990s through research collaborations involving GlaxoSmithKline. It belongs to a class of molecules known as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta agonists. Early studies explored its effects on lipid metabolism and energy expenditure in animal models. The compound was never approved as a human medicine, and clinical development was discontinued. In the years since, it has appeared in fitness and bodybuilding communities as a performance-enhancing substance. Regulatory agencies classify it as an unapproved drug.
In the fitness and bodybuilding literature, cardarine is frequently discussed as an endurance agent or fat-loss compound, although such claims are not supported by robust clinical evidence. Online descriptions often mix animal data, user anecdotes, and marketing language. Researchers who study PPARδ agonists distinguish between receptor activation in controlled experiments and unsupervised use of unverified products. The latter introduces unknown purity, dose, and interactions, making reported experiences difficult to interpret scientifically.
GW501516 acts as an agonist at peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta, a nuclear receptor involved in transcription of genes related to lipid handling and energy use. Activation of PPARδ can shift skeletal muscle toward greater fatty acid oxidation in animal models, which is one reason it drew interest for metabolic disease and exercise research. The exact downstream effects depend on tissue, species, dose, and duration. Human data are sparse, so many proposed benefits remain hypotheses rather than established clinical outcomes.
GW501516 acts on PPARδ, a nuclear receptor that helps regulate fatty acid oxidation and energy homeostasis. In animal studies, activation of this receptor was associated with increased endurance and changes in lipid metabolism. Human trials examined effects on blood lipids and other metabolic markers, but the compound did not advance to approval. Rodent studies later reported tumors in multiple tissues at doses used in those experiments. Whether those findings translate to human risk remains uncertain, and the clinical relevance of the animal data is still debated.
Regulatory bodies treat GW501516 as a prohibited substance in competitive sport. The World Anti-Doping Agency added it to the prohibited list, and it falls under classes covering metabolic modulators and hormone-related agents. It is not approved by drug regulators for human use, and it is not a lawful dietary supplement. Products sold under the cardarine name may contain unlisted ingredients or different compounds. Because no approved product exists, quality and identity are not guaranteed by pharmaceutical manufacturing standards.
Cardarine is a common name for the investigational chemical GW501516, also written GW-1516. It was developed as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta agonist for metabolic conditions such as dyslipidemia. Early research focused on lipid handling and energy use in skeletal muscle and other tissues. The compound was never approved as a medicine. In public discussion, it is often grouped with performance-enhancing substances, although its receptor target differs from that of anabolic steroids or selective androgen receptor modulators. Regulatory and health authorities have issued warnings about its use.
Masa or masa de maíz (English: ; Spanish pronunciation: [ˈmasa]) is a dough made from ground nixtamalized corn. It is used for making corn tortillas, gorditas, tamales, pupusas, and many other Latin American dishes. It is dried and powdered into a flour form called harina de maíz or masa harina. Masa is reconstituted by mixing with water before using it in cooking. In Spanish, masa translates simply to "dough" and harina translates to "flour", but the name masa harina does not follow Spanish grammar and the term does not exist in Spanish.
=== In vitro studies === Cell culture studies have reported that D-ribose-L-cysteine increases glutathione levels and modulates oxidative stress responses in normal cell lines exposed to cytotoxic agents.
Pharmacomicrobiomics is concerned with the interaction between drugs and the gut microbiome. Pharmacogenomics is the application of genomic technologies to drug discovery and further characterization of drugs related to an organism's entire genome. For pharmacology regarding individual genes, pharmacogenetics studies how genetic variation gives rise to differing responses to drugs. Pharmacoepigenetics studies the underlying epigenetic marking patterns that lead to variation in an individual's response to medical treatment.
N-Formylmethionine (fMet, HCO-Met, For-Met) is a derivative of the amino acid methionine in which a formyl group has been added to the amino group. It is specifically used for initiation of protein synthesis from bacterial and organellar genes, and may be removed post-translationally. fMet plays a crucial part in the protein synthesis of bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplasts. It is not used in cytosolic protein synthesis of eukaryotes, where eukaryotic nuclear genes are translated. It is also not used by Archaea. In the human body, fMet is recognized by the immune system as foreign material, or as an alarm signal released by damaged cells, and stimulates the body to fight against potential infection.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Daytime Emmy Awards === Overall 19-time winner: 14-time winner of Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show Host, as host of The Price Is Right 4-time winner of Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show, as executive producer of The Price Is Right Lifetime Achievement Award, presented at the 1999 Daytime Emmy Awards
== Related proteins == Fibronectin The second most abundant ECM molecule, this molecule also promotes homeostasis and maintaining the structure of the collagen matrix, as well as adhesion of cells to the matrix, and is created by hepatocytes. Some key differences include that fibronectin does not need a cartilage proteoglycan monomer to function efficiently, and is found at concentrations ten times higher than chondronectin in plasma. Also, instead of interacting with chondrocytes and type II collagen, fibronectins interact with other cells with types I and III collagen. Another difference is that fibronectin binds to the collagen directly before a cell can interact with the ECM. Laminin These glycoproteins also have a large molecular weight and are also trimeric in structure, like chondronectins. although they have 14 different combinations of trimer structures. Laminins facilitate the attachment of basement membranes in the human body, which are extracellular matrices that hold tissues and cells together. Laminins help to regulate cell activity, and have eleven distinct forms. Type II collagen A structural protein in the collagen matrix, type II collagen is much more abundant in the matrix than chondronectins, as this protein makes up 90-95% of the matrix. It is also found in the vitreous humor, and other areas of hyaline cartilage as well. Some key differences are that type II collagen is a structural protein that helps to provide structure and strength to the matrix, while chondronectins only facilitates binding of type II collagen to chondrocytes.
All known isotopes of curium are radioactive and have small critical mass for a nuclear chain reaction. The most stable isotope, 247Cm, has a half-life of 15.6 million years; the longest-lived curium isotopes predominantly emit alpha particles. Radioisotope thermoelectric generators can use the heat from this process, but this is hindered by the rarity and high cost of curium. Curium is used in making heavier actinides and the 238Pu radionuclide for power sources in artificial cardiac pacemakers and RTGs for spacecraft. It served as the α-source in the alpha particle X-ray spectrometers of several space probes, including the Sojourner, Spirit, Opportunity, and Curiosity Mars rovers and the Philae lander on comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, to analyze the composition and structure of the surface.
== Middle Ages == With the fall of the western Roman Empire in 476, Italy was taken over by the Germanic chieftain Odoacer and later became part of the Ostrogothic Kingdom in 489. The Ostrogothic kings ruled officially as Magistri Militum of the Byzantine Emperors. All government and administrative positions were held by Romans, while all primary laws were legislated by the Byzantine Emperor. During the sixth century, under the Ostrogoths' rule, Romans remained the center of government and cultural life. The Roman Cassiodorus, like Boethius and Symmachus, emerged as one of the most prominent men of his time. He was an administrator, politician, scholar and historian who was born in Scylletium (near Catanzaro). He spent most of his career trying to bridge the divides of East and West, Greek and Latin cultures, Romans and Goths, and official Christianity and Arian Christianity, which was the form of Christianity adopted by the Ostrogoths and which had earlier been banned. He established the Vivarium (monastery) in Scylletium. He oversaw the collation of three editions of the Bible in Latin. Seeing the value of collecting all the books of the Bible in one volume, he was the first to produce Latin Bibles in single volumes. The most well-known was the Codex Grandior which became the ancestor of all modern western Bibles. Cassiodorus was the heart of the administration of the Ostrogothic kingdom.
Sam Chun Dang Pharm Co., Ltd. (Korean: 삼천당제약; Hanja: 三千堂製藥; RR: Samcheondang jeyak), commonly abbreviated as SCD, is a South Korean pharmaceutical company engaged in the development, manufacturing, and sale of prescription medicines. Founded in 1943, the company is headquartered in Seocho-gu, Seoul, with manufacturing operations at the Hyannam Pharmaceutical Industrial Complex in Hwaseong, Gyeonggi Province. SCD is listed on the Korea Exchange (KRX: 000250). The company is best known for its ophthalmic products, which accounts for approximately half of its total revenues, and has attracted attention for its development of an aflibercept biosimilar (SCD411) and an oral semaglutide generic.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Nickel exposure === Nickel is both naturally abundant – it is the fifth most common element on earth – and widely used in industry and commercial goods. Workplace nickel exposure is common in many industries, and the performance of normal work tasks can result in nickel skin levels sufficient to elicit dermatitis. Within the workplace, individuals may be exposed to significant amounts of nickel, airborne from the combustion of fossil fuels or from contact with tools that are nickel plated. Historically, workplaces where prolonged contact with soluble nickel has been high have shown high risks for allergic contact nickel dermatitis. For example, nickel dermatitis was common in the past among nickel platers. Outbreaks of nickel allergy from consumer goods have been documented throughout the 20th century, with jewelry, stocking suspenders, and metallic buttons on blue jeans each resulting in dermatitis at the point of contact. Nickel can also be present in food and drinking water; ingestion of increased nickel is not associated with systemic allergic disease, but is associated with flare-ups of dermatitis or aggravation of vesicular hand eczema. Similarly, aggravation of dermatitis has been reported in response to nickel-containing surgical implants or dental gear. The risk of an object eliciting nickel allergy is linked to the amount of nickel released by its surface (and not to its total nickel content). Suspected objects can be screened by wiping the surface with a 1% dimethylglyoxime solution that turns pink if more than 0.5 μg/cm2 per week is released by the surface.
12 June – The ONS reports that the UK economy failed to grow during April. The zero percent growth rate is attributed to unusually high rainfall, well above the long-term average, which impacted consumer spending. 13 June Keir Starmer unveils the Labour Party's general election manifesto. He says that wealth creation is the "number one priority" and that Labour will focus on economic growth. The first commercial-scale liquid air energy storage plant begins development in Carrington, Greater Manchester. Its backers say the £300m facility will create more than 700 jobs and have the capacity to power 480,000 homes. 14 June Tesco reports a 5% increase in sales over the past three months, and says that consumer confidence is beginning to return. Manufacturers are recalling several types of prepacked sandwiches, wraps and salads from major supermarkets amid concerns they could be contaminated with E. coli. Nigel Farage says he is "leader of the opposition" after a YouGov poll shows Reform UK ahead of the Conservative Party for the first time. Rishi Sunak responds by saying that Labour would be handed a "blank cheque" if current polling were replicated at the general election. It is confirmed that the Princess of Wales will attend the 2024 Trooping the Colour ceremony, making her first public appearance since her cancer diagnosis. The 2024 Birthday Honours are released, with those recognised including Alan Bates, the postmaster whose campaign brought the Post Office scandal to public attention.
== Prognosis == Prior to modern cardiovascular surgical techniques and medications such as losartan, and metoprolol, the prognosis of those with Marfan syndrome was not good: a range of untreatable cardiovascular issues was common. Lifespan was reduced by at least a third, and many died in their teens and twenties due to cardiovascular problems. Today, cardiovascular symptoms of Marfan syndrome are still the most significant issues in diagnosis and management of the disease, but adequate prophylactic monitoring and prophylactic therapy offers something approaching a normal lifespan, and more manifestations of the disease are being discovered as more patients live longer. Women with Marfan syndrome live longer than men.
== Structure == Creatinase is a homodimeric enzyme with a calculated molecular mass of approximately 94,000 ± 2,000 Da. Each monomer subunit contains 403 amino-acid residues split between two distinct structural domains. The enzyme was purified and crystallized in 1976 after being extracted from P. putida.
Pianist Bill Payne of Little Feat contributed keyboards for the first time, beginning a decades-long collaboration that included many recording sessions and even a two-week stint touring with the band in early 1974. A string of hits followed, including Johnston's "Long Train Runnin'" and "China Grove", from the 1973 album The Captain and Me. Other noteworthy songs on the album were Simmons' country-ish ode "South City Midnight Lady" and the explosive, hard rocking raveup "Without You", for which the entire band received songwriting credit. Onstage, the latter song sometimes stretched into a 15-minute jam with additional lyrics completely ad-libbed by Johnston. A 1973 appearance on the debut episode of the television music variety show Don Kirshner's Rock Concert featured one such performance of the tune. In the midst of recording sessions for their next album, 1974's What Were Once Vices Are Now Habits, and rehearsals for a 1973 fall tour, Hossack abruptly departed the band, citing burnout from constant touring. Drummer, songwriter, and vocalist Keith Knudsen (who previously drummed for Lee Michaels of "Do You Know What I Mean" fame) was recruited in September 1973 and left with the Doobies on a major tour a few weeks later (Hossack subsequently replaced Knudsen in the band Bonaroo, which served as an opening act for the Doobies shortly thereafter). Both Hossack's drums and Knudsen's voice are heard on What Were Once Vices Are Now Habits.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Cardarine is an investigational synthetic compound that acts as a PPARδ agonist. It is also known as GW501516 and has been studied mainly in preclinical research. It is not an approved medicine.
No. Cardarine is not a steroid hormone; it targets the nuclear receptor PPARδ. Its classification in anti-doping rules differs from anabolic steroids, though it remains prohibited in sport.
Early rodent studies reported tumor formation at multiple sites, which raised safety concerns. Sponsors stopped clinical development, and no approved human product exists.
Anti-doping laboratories typically use LC-MS/MS to detect GW501516 and its metabolites in urine. The method is sensitive and can identify the compound at low concentrations. Detection depends on sample timing, metabolism, and the specific assay.