The short version of unapproved substance fits in a sentence. The long version — which is the one that helps — is below.
This page was last updated on 2025-09-13 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
Cardarine is a common name for GW501516, a synthetic compound first described in the 1990s as a selective agonist of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta. It was studied in preclinical models for metabolic and cardiovascular conditions, but it has not been approved as a medicine in the United States, Europe, or other major jurisdictions. Retail products labeled as cardarine are generally research chemicals or supplements, not pharmaceutical formulations. Because human safety and efficacy data remain limited, regulatory agencies treat it as an unapproved substance rather than a therapeutic product.
Sporting authorities added GW501516 to prohibited lists after it appeared in athlete samples and online markets. The World Anti-Doping Agency classifies it as a hormone and metabolic modulator, and its use can lead to an anti-doping rule violation. Some early laboratory work suggested effects on fatty acid oxidation and endurance-related metabolism in animals, but those findings do not establish safe or effective use in people. Reports of adverse events in humans are scarce and often anecdotal, which complicates risk assessment.
Legal status varies by country. In some places, cardarine is controlled under medicines or psychoactive substances laws; in others, it may be sold with minimal oversight as a research chemical. Customs agencies have intercepted shipments, and several national health agencies have issued warnings about products marketed for bodybuilding or performance enhancement. The lack of a standardized pharmaceutical supply means identity, purity, and contamination levels can differ widely between samples. These factors make cardarine a regulatory and public health concern rather than a conventional prescription drug.
GW501516 acts on PPARδ, a nuclear receptor that helps regulate fatty acid oxidation and energy homeostasis. In animal studies, activation of this receptor was associated with increased endurance and changes in lipid metabolism. Human trials examined effects on blood lipids and other metabolic markers, but the compound did not advance to approval. Rodent studies later reported tumors in multiple tissues at doses used in those experiments. Whether those findings translate to human risk remains uncertain, and the clinical relevance of the animal data is still debated.
Regulatory bodies treat GW501516 as a prohibited substance in competitive sport. The World Anti-Doping Agency added it to the prohibited list, and it falls under classes covering metabolic modulators and hormone-related agents. It is not approved by drug regulators for human use, and it is not a lawful dietary supplement. Products sold under the cardarine name may contain unlisted ingredients or different compounds. Because no approved product exists, quality and identity are not guaranteed by pharmaceutical manufacturing standards.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| IUPAC name | {4-[({4-methyl-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-thiazol-5-yl}methyl)sulfanyl]phenoxy}acetic acid | Systematic name for GW501516 |
| CAS Registry Number | 317318-70-0 | Unique identifier for the parent compound |
| Molecular formula | C21H18F3NO3S2 | Includes carbon, hydrogen, fluorine, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur |
| Molecular weight | 453.5 g/mol | Approximate value for the neutral form |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Typical description for purified laboratory material |
=== Price === Dexamethasone is inexpensive. In the United States a month of medication is typically priced less than US$25. In India, a course of treatment for preterm labor is about US$0.50. The drug is available in most areas of the world.
== Research == Leptin is currently being evaluated as a potential target for the treatment of anorexia nervosa. It is hypothesized that the gradual loss of body fat mass, and more specifically the ensuing low leptin levels, escalate the preexisting drive for thinness into an obsessive-compulsive-like and addictive-like state. It was shown that short-term metreleptin treatment of patients with anorexia nervosa had rapid on-set of beneficial cognitive, emotional, and behavioral effects. Among other things, depression, drive for activity, repetitive thoughts of food, inner restlessness, and weight phobia decreased rapidly. Whether metreleptin (or another leptin analogue) is a suitable treatment for anorexia nervosa is currently unknown. Potential side effects are weight loss and the development of anti-metreleptin antibodies.
== History == Interchim was founded by Boch Jean (formerly chemical engineer at Rhone-Poulenc) and Boch Colette in 1970. Their initial activity started with distribution of fine chemicals, then chromatography and Biology. Production was developed as well, in each fields. Affiliate companies were created for production and commercial activities in France, UK (2003), USA (2007) and Instrumentation business (2010). Interchim has now major activity in fine chromatography, fine chemistry and bio-analysis. Leadership in analytical sciences is based on distribution from leading groups (Agilent, Perkin Elmer, Jackson Immunoresearch, Novus, Radleys...), collaborations and proprietary innovative products.
=== Highly controllable properties === Porous silicon studies conducted in 1995 showed that the behaviour of porous silicon can be altered in between "bio-inert", "bioactive" and "resorbable" by varying the porosity of the silicon sample. The in-vitro study used simulated body fluid containing ion concentration similar to the human blood and tested the activities of porous silicon sample when exposed to the fluids for prolonged period of time. It was found that high porosity mesoporous layers were completely removed by the simulated body fluids within a day. In contrast, low to medium porosity microporous layers displayed more stable configurations and induced hydroxyapatite growth.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
SNAP-tag® is a self-labeling protein tag commercially available in various expression vectors. SNAP-tag is a 182 residue polypeptide (19.4 kDa) that can be fused to any protein of interest and further specifically and covalently tagged with a suitable ligand, such as a fluorescent dye. Since its introduction, SNAP-tag has found numerous applications in biochemistry and for the investigation of the function and localisation of proteins and enzymes in living cells.
Diabetes Care. 16 (11): 1470–8. doi:10.2337/diacare.16.11.1470. PMID 8299436. S2CID 23783836. Haakens K., Hanssen K.F.; et al. (1990). "CSII, MDI and conventional insulin therapy in self-selecting insulin-dependent diabetic patients. A comparison of metabolic control acute complications and patient preferences". J Intern Med. 228 (5): 457–464. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.1990.tb00263.x. PMID 2254715. S2CID 20197231. Ludvigsson J; et al. (2003). "Continuous Subcutaneous Glucose Monitoring Improved Metabolic Control in Pediatric Patients With Type 1 Diabetes: A Controlled Crossover Study". Pediatrics. 111 (5): 933–8. doi:10.1542/peds.111.5.933. PMID 12728068. S2CID 30709714. Marcus A.O., Fernandez M.P. (1996). "Insulin pump therapy; acceptable alternative to injecting therapy". Postgraduate Medicine. 99: 3. Mudaliar S., Edelman S.V. (2001). "Insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes". Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics. 39 (4): 935–82. doi:10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70222-x. PMID 11727406. Pitzer KR; et al. (2001). "Detection of Hypoglycemia With the GlucoWatch Biographer". Diabetes Care. 24 (5): 881–885. doi:10.2337/diacare.24.5.881. PMID 11347748. Tsui E.Y.L, Chiasson J.L; et al. (1998). "Counterregulatory hormone responses after long-term CSII with lispro insulin". Diabetes Care. 21 (1): 93–6. doi:10.2337/diacare.21.1.93. PMID 9538976. S2CID 21217439.
== Modern Development: Sector 13 == For decades, Manimajra sat outside Chandigarh's formal grid because the city's planner, Le Corbusier, omitted the number 13 due to superstition. Following long-standing demands from residents in upscale enclaves like the Modern Housing Complex (MHC) and Shivalik Enclave, the area was officially integrated into the sectoral grid as Sector 13 in February 2020. This change was enacted by Governor V.P. Singh Badnore under the Capital of Punjab Act of 1952.
There are many thousands of variants of SARS-CoV-2, which can be grouped into the much larger clades. Several different clade nomenclatures have been proposed. Nextstrain divides the variants into five clades (19A, 19B, 20A, 20B, and 20C), while GISAID divides them into seven (L, O, V, S, G, GH, and GR). Several notable variants of SARS-CoV-2 emerged in late 2020. The World Health Organization has currently declared five variants of concern, which are as follows:
study done in 2000 had different results which found that many fewer children responded as being abused by a stepparent. Economic factors could also play a role in the abuse of stepchildren. In places with higher levels of social strain, abuse may be more prevalent or more violent. Other studies of census data and child neglect and abuse records have found that stepparents may be over-represented in abuse figures. They have found that when the data is balanced, biological parents have a much higher rate of abuse than stepparents do. There is little research in the field of parental abuse by children in concern with stepchildren abusing stepparents. The abuse of stepchildren by their siblings is also a topic with little research.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
No. Major drug regulators have not approved GW501516 for treating any medical condition. Products sold as cardarine are typically unapproved research chemicals or supplements, so their contents and safety are not assured.
It is prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency as a hormone and metabolic modulator. Athletes who test positive for GW501516 can face sanctions, including suspensions and loss of results.
Cardarine is a common or trade-style name, while GW501516 is the research code for the same chemical entity. Some sources also use Endurobol or GSK-516. The names refer to the same compound, not distinct drugs.
No. Cardarine is a PPARδ agonist, while selective androgen receptor modulators act on androgen receptors. The two classes differ in receptor target and downstream effects.